Showing posts with label corn. Show all posts
Showing posts with label corn. Show all posts

Saturday, September 7, 2024

Seca histórica no Brazil afeta setores da economia e bolso do consumidor, dizem especialistas

 

Seca em Pauini, cidade do Amazonas, em setembro de 2024.



 


Casas flutuantes ficaram encalhadas no leito do Igarapé do Xidamirim, cujo nível da água baixou drasticamente devido à seca em Tefé, no Amazonas. Foto de 20 de agosto de 2024 — Foto: Bruno Kelly/Reuters

 

Cenário de falta de chuvas incide desde a produção de alimentos até o encarecimento da conta de energia

Marien Ramosda CNN

O atual período de seca é o mais intenso da história do Brasil, segundo o Centro Nacional de Monitoramento de Desastres Naturais (Cemaden), e os impactos vão além da questão climática ou efeitos na saúde da população.

O cenário inédito visto em diversas regiões do país nas últimas semanas também deve refletir de forma mais imediata no bolso dos consumidores, afirmam economistas ouvidos pela CNN. Entre os principais pontos, se destacam o encarecimento dos alimentos e o aumento da conta de energia.

Há também efeitos que devem ser sentidos em horizontes mais longos, como maior pressão na inflação, e consequentemente maior aperto dos juros, em consequência de da falta de oferta e interrupção de operações.

Pressão nos alimentos

A queda na produção de alimentos é um dos sintomas mais visíveis da atual situação de seca. Com menor disponibilidade, a tendência é de encarecimento dos produtos.

“O Brasil é um país agrícola, boa parte da oferta dos alimentos de cesta básica depende de condições climáticas regulares, exatamente para não haver redução de oferta e com isso um aumento de preços”, diz André Braz, economista da Fundação Getulio Vargas (FGV).

 


Segundo Braz, a situação tem maior impacto nas famílias de menor renda, já que grande parte do orçamento deste grupo vai para a compra de alimentos.

Com as mudanças climáticas cada vez mais frequentes, a laranja, por exemplo, é um dos alimentos que pode ter os maiores problemas devido à massa de ar quente em grande parte do Brasil, além da banana, segundo a Companhia Nacional de Abastecimento (Conab).

Segundo a companhia, a produção já sofreu elevação de preços devido à baixa quantidade produzida e deve ter este aumento acentuado por conta da irregularidade de chuvas.

 

Pressão na energia

A falta de chuvas também aumenta o preço da conta de luz, já que mais da metade da produção de energia do país vem da matriz hidrelétrica. Para evitar o desabastecimento de energia no país, o governo é obrigado a acionar usinas termelétricas, com maior gasto de operação.

A seca fez o rio Madeira, em Rondônia, ficar abaixo de um metro pela primeira vez desde o início das medições do Serviço Geológico do Brasil (SGB), em 1967. Como consequência, a usina hidrelétrica Santo Antônio paralisou parte de suas unidades geradoras.

A projeção da Agência Nacional de Energia Elétrica (Aneel) é de que, inclusive, o país registre 50% menos chuvas nos próximos meses, afetando os níveis dos reservatórios e o funcionamento das hidrelétricas, de acordo com a agência.

Atualmente, os níveis de reservatório — ou seja, a energia armazenada no sistema — são de 54,27% até a sexta-feira (6) no subsistema do Sudeste/Centro Oeste, enquanto na região Sul está em 61,42%.

Quando comparado com o mesmo mês de setembro do ano passado, porém, os níveis ainda se encontram abaixo do patamar.

 


Com essa situação, muitos temem que mais uma crise hídrica como a vista em 2021, quando os mesmos subsistemas do Sudeste/Centro Oeste e Sul chegaram a níveis de reservatório de 16,8% e 28,6%, respectivamente.

Foi nesta época que Aneel acionou pela aúltimas vez a bandeira vermelha, que significa a cobrança extra pelo consumo de energia — pelo menos até setembro deste ano.

Após determinação da Aneel, a bandeira vermelha voltou, em patamar 1, com custo adicional de R$ 4,463 por cada 100 quilowatts-hora (kWh) consumidos.

A justificativa foi pela previsão de chuvas abaixo da média, resultando em menor afluência nos reservatórios do país. Segundo o governo, a redução será cerca de 50% abaixo da média.

“Com a baixa dos reservatórios das hidrelétricas, o país tende a adotar bandeiras de energia que encarecem as tarifas de energia. Além disso, o acionamento de termelétricas aumentam a demanda por combustíveis, que no fim ficam mais caros para o consumidor”, explica Alexandre Pires, professor de economia do Ibmec-SP.

Em finais de agosto, o ministro de Minas e Energia, Alexandre Silveira, afirmou à CNN que espera o acionamento de “70% a 80%” de todo o parque térmico brasileiro nas próximas semanas, caso as chuvas não recomecem antes do esperado.

Esse cenário pode, inclusive, repercutir nos meses seguintes. Em condições normais, é neste semestre, período em que normalmente chove mais, onde o sistema consegue encher os reservatórios para “garantir uma oferta de energia sem sobressaltos no inverno seguinte (…) e pode ser que isso não aconteça”, diz Braz.

Pressão nos setores da economia

O cenário pode pesar também para a atividade industrial e empresarial, tanto no comércio como no serviço, descreve Braz. O especialista diz que com bandeiras tarifárias acionadas, a prestação de serviços, assim como produtos no comércio, ficam mais caros — e essa conta são as famílias que pagam.

Além disso, Pires salienta que o acionamento das termelétricas pressiona os derivados do petróleo, gás natural e álcool, impactando “o preço dos combustíveis para o transporte rodoviário e, logo, o frete — que é uma variável essencial da cadeia logística”.

Segundo Braz, a situação pode ainda influenciar as decisões do Comitê de Política Monetária (Copom), que decide entre os dias 17 e 18 deste mês o novo rumo da política monetária no Brasil.

O mercado projeto que o Banco Central decida por aumentar os juros, que se encontram em 10,5% atualmente, mas o especialista acredita que isso não será precipitado na próxima reunião.

“Esta seca tem se intensificado e generalizado muito ao longo do último ano, ainda que as áreas mais atingidas tenham se deslocado do Sudeste para o Norte, na comparação com 2021. Mas uma seca quase generalizada e prolongada é o aspecto mais preocupante da situação de 2024”, finaliza Pires.



 

Saturday, June 29, 2024

(Martianization) - BRAZIL - Seca no cerrado é a pior em pelo menos 7 séculos, aponta estudo - Aquecimento na região central do país tem sido cerca de 1°C acima da média global

Solo seco em Correntina (BA), no cerrado - Lalo de Almeida - 15.mar.2024/Folhapress - Solo de argila quebrado, com vegetação baixa ao fundo




 

Maria Fernanda Ziegler
Agência Fapesp

Estudo conduzido por pesquisadores da USP (Universidade de São Paulo) e publicado na revista Nature Communications indica que a seca no Cerrado Brasileiro é sem precedentes, pelo menos nos últimos 700 anos.

Segundo os autores, o aquecimento global na região central do país tem sido mais intenso, sendo o aumento das temperaturas cerca de 1°C acima da média global, que é de 1,5°C.

A condição tem gerado um distúrbio hidrológico: a temperatura próxima ao solo está tão quente que uma parte significativa da água da chuva evapora antes de se infiltrar no terreno. A anomalia traz diversas consequências, como mudanças no padrão de chuva, que está mais concentrada em poucos eventos, e menor recarga nos aquíferos, o que pode afetar o nível dos rios tributários do Rio São Francisco.

Para chegar a essa conclusão, o trabalho apoiado pela Fapesp e pela National Science Foundation, dos Estados Unidos, revisou os dados de temperatura, vazão, precipitação regional e balanço hidrológico da Estação Meteorológica de Januária —uma das mais antigas de Minas Gerais, com registros iniciados em 1915— e os correlacionou com as variações da composição química de estalagmites de uma caverna no Parque Nacional Cavernas do Peruaçu, situada no mesmo município.

"Com o uso de dados geológicos foi possível expandir a percepção da seca causada pelo aquecimento global para um período bem anterior ao dos registros meteorológicos. Dessa forma, conseguimos fazer a reconstituição do clima até sete séculos atrás", afirma Francisco William da Cruz Junior, professor do Instituto de Geociências (IGc-USP) e um dos autores do estudo, que foi liderado por Nicolás Strikis, do mesmo instituto.

"Isso permitiu não somente provar que o cerrado está mais seco, mas que a origem dessa seca tem relação com o distúrbio do ciclo hidrológico causado pelo aumento da temperatura induzida pela atividade humana na emissão de gases do efeito estufa."

"A mensagem é que não há paralelo com a seca que estamos vivenciando atualmente. É importante frisar que identificamos uma tendência de aumento da temperatura que começa nos anos 1970, mas o fato é que ainda não atingimos o pico de aquecimento. Portanto, a expectativa é que esse fenômeno piore ainda mais", informa Cruz à Agência Fapesp.

A Caverna da Onça, onde foram coletados os dados químicos das estalagmites, é diferente das demais estudadas pelo grupo, porque é aberta e localizada no fundo de um cânion com 200 metros de profundidade e está sob influência da variação de temperatura externa. Fica localizada no Parque Nacional Cavernas do Peruaçu e serve de hábitat para uma onça, daí o nome.

Parque Nacional Cavernas do Peruaçu








 

"Trata-se de um trabalho inédito, pois geralmente estudamos cavernas em um ambiente fechado, com a circulação de ar muito restrita e a temperatura estável ao longo do ano. A conexão da Caverna da Onça com o clima externo nos permitiu avaliar que a seca também altera a química das formações rochosas de cavernas [espeleotemas]", explica.

"O aumento da evaporação causada pelo maior aquecimento diminui a recarga de água que alimenta os gotejamentos na caverna. Foram essas mudanças químicas na rocha, associadas à evaporação da água, que nos mostraram que estamos vivenciando uma seca sem precedentes."
Inovação

O trabalho integra um projeto de pesquisa que visa reconstituir a variabilidade do clima e das mudanças climáticas durante o último milênio por meio de registros de formações rochosas que ocorrem dentro de cavernas e anéis de crescimento de árvores.
Planeta em Transe

"A nova metodologia e a validação dos dados do nosso trabalho abrem caminho para que mais estudos em outras cavernas, de outras regiões e biomas, sejam realizados. Com esse tipo de abordagem será possível ter uma reconstituição do clima do país de uma forma mais precisa", afirma.

Geralmente, os estudos geológicos utilizados para fundamentar a teoria do aquecimento global são feitos a partir de amostras de testemunhos de gelo [retiradas de geleiras nos polos]. "A inovação do nosso estudo está em utilizar os dados químicos de espeleotemas para identificar variações dos ciclos hidrológicos e associá-los às mudanças geradas pelo aumento da temperatura nos trópicos", explica Cruz.

O grupo também tem conduzido estudos de paleoclima com base em árvores fósseis encontradas no mesmo parque nacional, trabalho realizado em parceria com um grupo de biólogos que integra o projeto temático.

"São fósseis de umburanas encontrados dentro das cavernas e que ficaram protegidos da luz por mais de 500 anos. Somando os resultados do nosso estudo com o que está sendo realizado nas árvores fósseis, obtivemos dados independentes sobre esse mesmo fenômeno", conclui.


ESPECIALISTA ALERTA SOBRE A SECA SEVERA QUE AVANÇA NO CERRADO DEVIDO AS CONDIÇÕES CLIMÁTICAS - VIDEO

 



 

Tuesday, June 8, 2010

Ag Secretary Calls for Long-Term Ethanol Subsidies






According to Des Moines Register’s Philip Brasher, Agriculture Secretary Tom Vilsack wants a long-term extension to the subsidies for ethanol but won’t say how Congress should pay for measures, which could cost $40 billion or more. Vilsack says long-term extensions of the ethanol subsidies are needed in order to attract private capital to new biofuel projects. “It’s very difficult to get investors interested,” he said, “without this long-term commitment.”
The Agriculture and Energy departments and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) hope to reach a consensus on a biofuel development strategy this summer, according to Vilsack. He did not say when the plan would be released. “We need a plan. We need to show that there’s a way to get to 36 billion gallons,” he said. The Administration said in a report issued in February that the government needs to set a timetable for commercializing advanced biofuels and to take a region-by-region approach to developing production and markets.

Vilsack expressed confidence that the EPA would allow more ethanol to be added to the gasoline used in conventional cars and trucks. The limit is now 10 percent. The industry wants the cap raised to 15 percent. A decision is expected this summer.

Ag Secretary Calls for Long-Term Ethanol Subsidies






According to Des Moines Register’s Philip Brasher, Agriculture Secretary Tom Vilsack wants a long-term extension to the subsidies for ethanol but won’t say how Congress should pay for measures, which could cost $40 billion or more. Vilsack says long-term extensions of the ethanol subsidies are needed in order to attract private capital to new biofuel projects. “It’s very difficult to get investors interested,” he said, “without this long-term commitment.”
The Agriculture and Energy departments and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) hope to reach a consensus on a biofuel development strategy this summer, according to Vilsack. He did not say when the plan would be released. “We need a plan. We need to show that there’s a way to get to 36 billion gallons,” he said. The Administration said in a report issued in February that the government needs to set a timetable for commercializing advanced biofuels and to take a region-by-region approach to developing production and markets.

Vilsack expressed confidence that the EPA would allow more ethanol to be added to the gasoline used in conventional cars and trucks. The limit is now 10 percent. The industry wants the cap raised to 15 percent. A decision is expected this summer.

Wednesday, April 7, 2010

New Technology Blends Ethanol for Cleaner Diesel by Kristin Brekke


Diesel engines may soon have a new partner in the effort to satisfy Tier 4 emissions standards – ethanol.

A Nebraska company has developed a system for bringing a mixture of ethanol and water to a diesel engine just before the point of combustion, increasing the diesel engine’s efficiency and reducing emissions. The business partners behind CleanFlex Power Systems, LLC call the mixture “EM60,” which is 60 percent ethanol and 40 percent water. The overall fuel mix in the diesel engine is 85 percent #2 diesel and 15 percent 120-proof ethanol.

Bob Dickey, a farmer from Laurel, Nebraska, and three business partners are behind CleanFlex. Dickey is past president and current chairman of the National Corn Growers Association, and he and his team were in Sioux Falls, South Dakota last month for a demonstration of the new technology operating in a retrofitted 2005 Ford F250 Powerstroke.

The system requires the use of two separate tanks to deliver the fuel, one for the ethanol-water mixture and one for the diesel. The two come together at the point of combustion and produce a number of benefits, according to Ron Preston, CleanFlex president:

* Reduces NOx by 30 percent or more
* Reduces particulate matter
* Increases horsepower by 25 percent or more
* Increases energy efficiency by 10 to 30 percent

Preston says the EM60 has the ability to help diesel engines meet the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s Tier 4 emissions standards that go into effect in 2011. Other benefits of the fuel mixture include added lubricity to the engine, longer storage life for the fuel and the ability to use it in all weather conditions – even down to 100 degrees below zero Fahrenheit.

The hydrated ethanol was first tested last year on Dickey’s farm in a diesel engine running an irrigation system, a John Deere 70-horsepower four-cylinder turbo diesel. He reported increased efficiency and decreased emissions, plus a cost savings of $1 to $1.20 per hour over regular diesel.

The fuel and the retrofit are available today through CleanFlex with an estimated price of $5,000 to $7,500, depending on the vehicle and the engine. They are in talks with ag equipment companies as well as railroad companies on potential use of the fuel and delivery system.

At the Sioux Falls demonstration, Preston estimated that there are 29 million trucks that might not be allowed to operate in California or other places with strict emissions standards under the upcoming Tier IV diesel regulations. The addition of hydrated ethanol to the diesel fuel in this type of retrofit could change that.

Research is being conducted at the University of Nebraska under a two-year grant at the Industrial Agricultural Products Center. CleanFlex can be reached at (402) 480-0346 for questions or product inquiries.

New Technology Blends Ethanol for Cleaner Diesel by Kristin Brekke


Diesel engines may soon have a new partner in the effort to satisfy Tier 4 emissions standards – ethanol.

A Nebraska company has developed a system for bringing a mixture of ethanol and water to a diesel engine just before the point of combustion, increasing the diesel engine’s efficiency and reducing emissions. The business partners behind CleanFlex Power Systems, LLC call the mixture “EM60,” which is 60 percent ethanol and 40 percent water. The overall fuel mix in the diesel engine is 85 percent #2 diesel and 15 percent 120-proof ethanol.

Bob Dickey, a farmer from Laurel, Nebraska, and three business partners are behind CleanFlex. Dickey is past president and current chairman of the National Corn Growers Association, and he and his team were in Sioux Falls, South Dakota last month for a demonstration of the new technology operating in a retrofitted 2005 Ford F250 Powerstroke.

The system requires the use of two separate tanks to deliver the fuel, one for the ethanol-water mixture and one for the diesel. The two come together at the point of combustion and produce a number of benefits, according to Ron Preston, CleanFlex president:

* Reduces NOx by 30 percent or more
* Reduces particulate matter
* Increases horsepower by 25 percent or more
* Increases energy efficiency by 10 to 30 percent

Preston says the EM60 has the ability to help diesel engines meet the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s Tier 4 emissions standards that go into effect in 2011. Other benefits of the fuel mixture include added lubricity to the engine, longer storage life for the fuel and the ability to use it in all weather conditions – even down to 100 degrees below zero Fahrenheit.

The hydrated ethanol was first tested last year on Dickey’s farm in a diesel engine running an irrigation system, a John Deere 70-horsepower four-cylinder turbo diesel. He reported increased efficiency and decreased emissions, plus a cost savings of $1 to $1.20 per hour over regular diesel.

The fuel and the retrofit are available today through CleanFlex with an estimated price of $5,000 to $7,500, depending on the vehicle and the engine. They are in talks with ag equipment companies as well as railroad companies on potential use of the fuel and delivery system.

At the Sioux Falls demonstration, Preston estimated that there are 29 million trucks that might not be allowed to operate in California or other places with strict emissions standards under the upcoming Tier IV diesel regulations. The addition of hydrated ethanol to the diesel fuel in this type of retrofit could change that.

Research is being conducted at the University of Nebraska under a two-year grant at the Industrial Agricultural Products Center. CleanFlex can be reached at (402) 480-0346 for questions or product inquiries.

Sunday, February 28, 2010

U.S. Produced 10.7 Billion Gallons of Corn Ethanol in 2009







The Renewable Fuels Association (RFA) says U.S. corn ethanol production exceeded 10.75 billion gallons in 2009, according to data from the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA).

“Despite trying economic circumstances, America’s ethanol producers once again rose up to meet the challenges the nation has put before it,” said RFA President Bob Dinneen. “Moving forward, once-idled facilities are restarting and new biorefineries are coming online to ensure that the volumes of ethanol called for in the Renewable Fuels Standard are met by domestic supplies.” (See related article: USDA: More Corn Crop will go to Ethanol)

U.S. Produced 10.7 Billion Gallons of Corn Ethanol in 2009







The Renewable Fuels Association (RFA) says U.S. corn ethanol production exceeded 10.75 billion gallons in 2009, according to data from the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA).

“Despite trying economic circumstances, America’s ethanol producers once again rose up to meet the challenges the nation has put before it,” said RFA President Bob Dinneen. “Moving forward, once-idled facilities are restarting and new biorefineries are coming online to ensure that the volumes of ethanol called for in the Renewable Fuels Standard are met by domestic supplies.” (See related article: USDA: More Corn Crop will go to Ethanol)

Sunday, October 4, 2009

Corn Growers Say They Can Double Ethanol Production


U.S. farmers could grow enough corn to produce 25 billion gallons of ethanol in 2030, twice as much as this year’s target of 12 billion gallons, said Darrin Ihnen, president of the National Corn Growers Association (NCGA). Asserting corn yields could double in 20 years, NCGA says there would be enough corn in 2030 to produce 25 billion gallons of ethanol, he said. Of course, readers of this blog know that Congress explicitly limited corn ethanol to 15 billion gallons in the Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS). Neverthless, the NCGA head says, “if we don’t get past the higher-blend issue, then even 15 billion (gallons) is moot,” told Reuters referring to a proposal pending at the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to allow up to 15 percent ethanol in gasoline.

Corn Growers Say They Can Double Ethanol Production


U.S. farmers could grow enough corn to produce 25 billion gallons of ethanol in 2030, twice as much as this year’s target of 12 billion gallons, said Darrin Ihnen, president of the National Corn Growers Association (NCGA). Asserting corn yields could double in 20 years, NCGA says there would be enough corn in 2030 to produce 25 billion gallons of ethanol, he said. Of course, readers of this blog know that Congress explicitly limited corn ethanol to 15 billion gallons in the Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS). Neverthless, the NCGA head says, “if we don’t get past the higher-blend issue, then even 15 billion (gallons) is moot,” told Reuters referring to a proposal pending at the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to allow up to 15 percent ethanol in gasoline.

Saturday, June 20, 2009

Oil CEO Blasts Corn Ethanol, Calls for Cutting Tariff


This morning on C-SPAN, the CEO of Anadarko, James Hackett, spoke on U.S. energy and climate change policy. He blasted corn ethanol as a “disaster” and called for the end of the 54 cent per gallon tariff on clearner, more efficient sugarcane ethanol from Brazil. The excerpted video is here and the full video on C-SPAN’s

Oil CEO Blasts Corn Ethanol, Calls for Cutting Tariff


This morning on C-SPAN, the CEO of Anadarko, James Hackett, spoke on U.S. energy and climate change policy. He blasted corn ethanol as a “disaster” and called for the end of the 54 cent per gallon tariff on clearner, more efficient sugarcane ethanol from Brazil. The excerpted video is here and the full video on C-SPAN’s

Wednesday, June 3, 2009

E15 Would Boost Sugarcane Ethanol Imports, Study Says






Putting more ethanol in Americans’ gas tanks would boost corn prices and cut income to livestock producers while having a negligible impact on supermarket prices, according to economists at the University of Missouri. But the among the biggest beneficiaries of the policy change could be foreign ethanol producers, says the Des Moines Register Phil Brasher on his blog today.

The economists, who analyze farm policy for Congress, looked at the impact of a variety of biofuel policy changes, including an increase on the amount of ethanol allowed in gasoline from the current 10 percent to 15 percent. The analysts found that raising the ethanol limit to 15 percent would boost U.S. ethanol production by 4.1 percent but increase imports of ethanol by 11.5 percent.

E15 Would Boost Sugarcane Ethanol Imports, Study Says






Putting more ethanol in Americans’ gas tanks would boost corn prices and cut income to livestock producers while having a negligible impact on supermarket prices, according to economists at the University of Missouri. But the among the biggest beneficiaries of the policy change could be foreign ethanol producers, says the Des Moines Register Phil Brasher on his blog today.

The economists, who analyze farm policy for Congress, looked at the impact of a variety of biofuel policy changes, including an increase on the amount of ethanol allowed in gasoline from the current 10 percent to 15 percent. The analysts found that raising the ethanol limit to 15 percent would boost U.S. ethanol production by 4.1 percent but increase imports of ethanol by 11.5 percent.

Monday, May 25, 2009

Getting Ethanol Right


Representative Collin Peterson is furious that the Environmental Protection Agency is doing its job. The Minnesota Democrat says the agency is trying to kill off the biofuels industry — to the dismay of the corn farmers and ethanol producers he represents. He has vowed to vote against any bill, including climate change legislation, that might require the involvement of the E.P.A.

What inspired this tirade was an E.P.A. draft proposal showing how it intended to measure the greenhouse gas emissions from corn ethanol and other renewable fuels. The agency said it will not make any final rules until it completes further research, but its preliminary findings were not flattering to corn ethanol.

The E.P.A. was only doing what Congress ordered in the 2007 energy bill, which required a quadrupling of annual ethanol production to 36 billion gallons by 2022. In practical terms, this meant more traditional corn ethanol, until other more advanced forms of ethanol could make their way out of the labs. Scientists believe that various grasses and scrub trees that do not compete with food crops can someday be turned into fuel.

Congress hoped the ethanol mandate would produce a more climate-friendly fuel that could help reduce oil imports. But just to make sure, it stipulated that ethanol from any source be cleaner than conventional gasoline. It handed the job of measuring emissions to the E.P.A., and told it to consider the fuel’s entire life cycle.

This included counting the greenhouse gases released when forests or grasslands are plowed under and planted to make up for the crops used to make ethanol. When the E.P.A.’s scientists counted these indirect effects, corn ethanol emitted more greenhouse gases than gasoline over a 30-year period.

The E.P.A. says its analysis needs refinement, and in any case the 2007 bill grandfathers in existing corn ethanol plants or those under construction. That means there will not be any reduction in corn ethanol production; indeed, there could be more. Mr. Peterson and his farm bill colleagues are still steamed, because any adverse finding diminishes corn ethanol’s appeal.

Lisa Jackson, the E.P.A. administrator, can expect heavy pressure in the months ahead. The ethanol industry and its Congressional champions will argue that the science is unclear, that indirect effects cannot be measured accurately, and so on.

Ms. Jackson should stand her ground. Biofuels have an important role to play, and some will eventually be produced without pushing up food prices or increasing emissions. It is the E.P.A.’s duty to give the most unbiased accounting it can of their strengths and defects.

Getting Ethanol Right


Representative Collin Peterson is furious that the Environmental Protection Agency is doing its job. The Minnesota Democrat says the agency is trying to kill off the biofuels industry — to the dismay of the corn farmers and ethanol producers he represents. He has vowed to vote against any bill, including climate change legislation, that might require the involvement of the E.P.A.

What inspired this tirade was an E.P.A. draft proposal showing how it intended to measure the greenhouse gas emissions from corn ethanol and other renewable fuels. The agency said it will not make any final rules until it completes further research, but its preliminary findings were not flattering to corn ethanol.

The E.P.A. was only doing what Congress ordered in the 2007 energy bill, which required a quadrupling of annual ethanol production to 36 billion gallons by 2022. In practical terms, this meant more traditional corn ethanol, until other more advanced forms of ethanol could make their way out of the labs. Scientists believe that various grasses and scrub trees that do not compete with food crops can someday be turned into fuel.

Congress hoped the ethanol mandate would produce a more climate-friendly fuel that could help reduce oil imports. But just to make sure, it stipulated that ethanol from any source be cleaner than conventional gasoline. It handed the job of measuring emissions to the E.P.A., and told it to consider the fuel’s entire life cycle.

This included counting the greenhouse gases released when forests or grasslands are plowed under and planted to make up for the crops used to make ethanol. When the E.P.A.’s scientists counted these indirect effects, corn ethanol emitted more greenhouse gases than gasoline over a 30-year period.

The E.P.A. says its analysis needs refinement, and in any case the 2007 bill grandfathers in existing corn ethanol plants or those under construction. That means there will not be any reduction in corn ethanol production; indeed, there could be more. Mr. Peterson and his farm bill colleagues are still steamed, because any adverse finding diminishes corn ethanol’s appeal.

Lisa Jackson, the E.P.A. administrator, can expect heavy pressure in the months ahead. The ethanol industry and its Congressional champions will argue that the science is unclear, that indirect effects cannot be measured accurately, and so on.

Ms. Jackson should stand her ground. Biofuels have an important role to play, and some will eventually be produced without pushing up food prices or increasing emissions. It is the E.P.A.’s duty to give the most unbiased accounting it can of their strengths and defects.

Drone footage shows severe drought hitting river in Brazil – video

  Drone footage from 17 September shows the Araguaia River drying up, as severe drought grips parts of Brazil. The country is preparing for ...